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The antibiotics penicillin and streptomycin prevent bacterial contamination of cell cultures due to their effective combined action against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Penicillin acts by interfering directly with the turnover of the bacteria cell wall and indirectly by triggering the release of enzymes that further alter the cell wall. acts by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome leading to inhibition of protein synthesis and death in susceptible bacteria.
Amphotericin B is an antifungal agent that prevents the growth of fungi and yeast by causing an increase in fungal plasma membrane permeability. It forms transmembrane channels by binding to sterols associated with membranes, thereby leading to the leakage of small molecules.
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